Behavioral Psychology Fundamentals: Quiz on Classical and Operant Conditioning
Questions: 30
Questions
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1. What is an example of "positive reinforcement" in operant conditioning?
- a) Ignoring an undesirable behavior
- b) Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a desired behavior occurs
- c) Giving a reward after a desired behavior occurs
- d) Punishing a behavior to decrease its occurrence
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2. Which of the following is an example of "extinction" in classical conditioning?
- a) A conditioned response decreases when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus
- b) A new stimulus is introduced to provoke a new response
- c) A conditioned response becomes stronger with more reinforcement
- d) An unconditioned stimulus is replaced with a neutral stimulus
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3. What is "shaping" in operant conditioning?
- a) Conditioning an animal to react to a conditioned stimulus
- b) Reinforcing closer approximations of the desired behavior
- c) Using punishment to decrease undesirable behavior
- d) Reinforcing an undesirable behavior at random intervals
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4. What does the term "generalization" refer to in classical conditioning?
- a) The process of associating a new stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
- b) The tendency for a conditioned response to occur with similar stimuli
- c) The reinforcement of a desired behavior
- d) The elimination of a conditioned response
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5. Which of the following best describes "punishment" in operant conditioning?
- a) Adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior
- b) Removing a stimulus to increase a behavior
- c) Adding a stimulus to reinforce behavior
- d) Removing a stimulus to reinforce behavior
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6. Which type of reinforcement schedule produces a high and steady rate of response?
- a) Fixed ratio
- b) Variable ratio
- c) Fixed interval
- d) Variable interval
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7. Which of the following is an example of a "fixed-interval schedule" in operant conditioning?
- a) Reinforcing a behavior after a set number of responses
- b) Reinforcing a behavior at random intervals
- c) Reinforcing a behavior after a random number of responses
- d) Reinforcing a behavior after a fixed time period
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8. What is an example of "vicarious reinforcement" in observational learning?
- a) A child learns a behavior by watching others being rewarded for it
- b) A child learns by receiving direct rewards for their own behavior
- c) A child repeats a behavior because it is reinforced by others
- d) A child learns through trial and error
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9. What is the "Premack Principle"?
- a) The idea that a more probable behavior can be used to reinforce a less probable behavior
- b) The concept of reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs
- c) The principle that behavior is only learned through observation
- d) The belief that punishment is the most effective way to change behavior
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10. What is "spontaneous recovery" in classical conditioning?
- a) The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction
- b) The process of associating a new stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
- c) The reinforcement of an extinguished behavior
- d) The generalization of a conditioned response to new stimuli
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11. What does "observational learning" involve in behavioral psychology?
- a) Learning through direct reinforcement of behavior
- b) Learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others
- c) Learning by associating stimuli with responses
- d) Learning by practicing behavior repeatedly
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12. Which of the following is a key component of operant conditioning?
- a) Reflexive responses to stimuli
- b) The use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior
- c) Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
- d) Conditioned responses to environmental cues
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13. Which term describes when an organism stops responding to a stimulus that is no longer paired with reinforcement?
- a) Generalization
- b) Extinction
- c) Spontaneous recovery
- d) Shaping
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14. Who is the psychologist associated with the concept of "behaviorism" in psychology?
- a) Sigmund Freud
- b) Carl Rogers
- c) B.F. Skinner
- d) Abraham Maslow
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15. Which of the following is a characteristic of operant conditioning?
- a) Behavior is controlled by the pairing of stimuli
- b) Behavior is shaped by reinforcement or punishment
- c) Behavior occurs automatically in response to stimuli
- d) Behavior is the result of innate instincts
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16. Who is most closely associated with the theory of operant conditioning?
- a) Ivan Pavlov
- b) Albert Bandura
- c) B.F. Skinner
- d) John B. Watson
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17. What is "behavior modification"?
- a) The process of using conditioning to change maladaptive behaviors
- b) The process of reinforcing desired behavior only
- c) The process of using observation to learn new behaviors
- d) The process of removing maladaptive responses
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18. What is the role of "reinforcement" in operant conditioning?
- a) To encourage the repetition of a behavior
- b) To stop the occurrence of an undesirable behavior
- c) To eliminate a conditioned response
- d) To introduce new stimuli to provoke a response
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19. In classical conditioning, the "conditioned stimulus" is:
- a) The stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
- b) The learned stimulus that evokes a conditioned response
- c) The response that occurs naturally in reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
- d) The behavior that is reinforced through rewards
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20. In Pavlov’s experiment, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
- a) The sound of the bell
- b) The food presented to the dogs
- c) The salivation response
- d) The bell ringing after conditioning
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21. In Skinner's operant conditioning experiments, what was used to reinforce the behavior of rats?
- a) A loud sound
- b) A food pellet
- c) A shock to the skin
- d) A conditioned response
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22. In Pavlov's experiment, what was the conditioned response?
- a) The dog's salivation in response to the food
- b) The dog’s salivation in response to the bell sound
- c) The dog’s response to the neutral stimulus
- d) The dog’s fear of the bell sound
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23. In operant conditioning, what does "fixed ratio" refer to?
- a) Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses
- b) Reinforcement is given after a fixed time period
- c) Reinforcement is given after a variable number of responses
- d) Reinforcement is provided after random intervals
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24. What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?
- a) Classical conditioning involves reflexive behaviors, while operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors
- b) Classical conditioning requires rewards, while operant conditioning requires punishments
- c) Classical conditioning involves imitation of behavior, while operant conditioning does not
- d) Classical conditioning does not involve reinforcement
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25. What is the main characteristic of "negative punishment" in operant conditioning?
- a) Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior
- b) Adding a negative stimulus to reduce a behavior
- c) Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior
- d) Adding a reward to increase a behavior
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26. What is the concept of "latent learning"?
- a) Learning through continuous and immediate feedback
- b) Learning that occurs only through direct reinforcement
- c) Learning through observation without reinforcement
- d) Learning that occurs but is not immediately expressed
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27. What is "instinctive drift" in operant conditioning?
- a) The tendency for learned behavior to revert to innate behavior patterns
- b) The process of reinforcing complex behaviors gradually
- c) The ability to learn new behaviors without reinforcement
- d) The phenomenon where animals exhibit social learning
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28. What does "generalization" mean in classical conditioning?
- a) The extinction of a conditioned response due to lack of reinforcement
- b) The tendency to become conditioned to a neutral stimulus
- c) The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli
- d) The tendency for a conditioned response to be triggered by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
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29. Which of the following best describes "continuous reinforcement"?
- a) Reinforcing a behavior randomly
- b) Reinforcing a behavior only at fixed intervals
- c) Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs
- d) Reinforcing behavior only when the organism is punished
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30. What is "token economy" in operant conditioning?
- a) A system where tokens are given as reinforcement for desired behavior
- b) A process of modifying behavior using electric shocks
- c) A method of observing behavior without reinforcement
- d) A technique for pairing stimuli to form associations
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